Economics and Emerging Markets Essays - Economic Systems

Abstract Assignment Chapter 4: Economics and Emerging Markets A centrally planned economy can be described as an economy where all the resources are in control of the government and the government is controlling all the economic activities. The purpose behind a central economic system is to spread equality among all the individuals and make the government responsible for providing basic necessities to the individuals. During time, it was proven that this systems had many flaws and the main flaws were wastage of scarce resources due to lack of product quality and ignoring the buyers demand; ignoring innovation, economic development and poor living standards; less popular in comparison with other economic systems; and the consumers got tired of all the empty promises made by the system in context of providing adequate food, housing and healthcare. The mixed economic system is a mixture of central and private economic systems as the economic resources are shared between public and government, however the government holds control of certain sectors which are important for national security and long term stability. All over the world, most of the countries which were following mixed economy system are now reverting to privatization due to the efficiency and innovational benefits it yields. The mixed economic system follows the functions of supply and demand, along with option of free choice to the buyers and sellers, mixed economy also offers the individuals satisfaction and reward for their efforts. In mixed economy the government plays the role of a moderator enforcing antitrust laws, preserving property rights, using fiscal and monetary policies when deemed necessary, and providing political stability for economic growth. The economist have developed different measure for judging the rate of economic development of a country and usually the development of a country is measured in comparison of another country. The measures used are Gross National product, Gross Domestic Product, Purchasing Power Parity and Human Development Index. The nation goes through the process of economic transition to change the fundamental economic organization to create free market institutions by having macroeconomic stabilization; freeing the economic activity from controlling forces; legalization of private sector and privatization of government owned organizations; removing the barriers on free trade, investment and currency flows; and development of a social welfare system. The businesses in central economic system face challenges like poor management; shortage of capital for economic development, difference in business culture; and the degradation of health conditions which leads to lack of motivation.

Diabetic Macular Edema Essays

Diabetic Macular Edema Essays Diabetic Macular Edema Essay Diabetic Macular Edema Essay Diabetic macular hydrops ( DME ) is considered to be one of the chief causes of vision decrease in people with diabetes. The chief purpose of the article is to prove if intravitreal Aristocort ( IVTA ) followed by optical maser intervention is an effectual intercession to command DME in comparing to laser intervention merely. Study design: Randomized, Double Blind, Prospective, placebo-controlled survey Population: 84 eyes of 54 patients with DME ( either type 1or 2 ) and who have with macular thickness more than 250 micrometers were included. Intervention: IVTA followed by optical maser ( intercession group ) VS optical maser intervention merely ( placebo group ) Primary Result: bettering Visual Acuity ( VA ) of 10 letters or more at 24 months. Apparatus/materials: an injection of 0.1 mg/ml on the twenty-four hours of the baseline was given to both groups but an empty syringe without a acerate leaf was used to mime the feeling of force per unit area on the oculus for placebo group. Data aggregation process: Patients with DME, aged over 18, ocular sharp-sightedness ( VA ) of 19-68 letters ( 6/12 6/120 ) and retinal thickness more than 250 micrometer were included in survey. Patients with uncontrolled glaucoma, glaucomatous ocular field defect, retinal optical maser intervention within 4 months, and intraocular surgery within 6 months, or any status impacting follow-up or certification were excluded from the survey Type of informations collected: every 3 months for 12 months VA, cardinal macular thickness ( CMT ) and intraocular force per unit area ( IOP ) were measured utilizing Goldman applanation tonometry, optical coherency imaging and tonometer severally. Consequences: At 24 months, betterment of 10 or more logMAR letters was seen patients with intercession group in comparing to placebo group. Study quality: Random allotment and allotment concealed: Eligible eyes were indiscriminately assigned to either intercession or placebo group, so that any possible bias/biases while choosing participants for survey is/are avoided. In order to avoid subjective bias the staff members who were involved in handling patients were non allowed to apportion patients to their groups. Patients were involved in the survey utilizing consecutive numbered, sealed opaque envelopes prepared from a list of computer-generated pseudorandom Numberss of variable block size. The allotment was concealed. Two groups of participants were formed and indiscriminately 42 eyes were assigned to interventionand42 were assigned to placebo group. Double masked survey: the survey was dual cloaked and therefore participants involved in survey were blind to type of intercession they were having. Because sometimes patient s consciousness about the intercession they are having could take to witting or unconscious prejudice subjective prejudice, hence has the ability to annul the consequences. The staff involved in intervention was blind to patient s group allotment in order to avoid observer bias. Because perceiver prejudice has menace to analyze s internal cogency. Therefore information about patient s group allotment was concealed in a filing cabinet of another clinical coordinator in the section who was non involved in survey at all. Adequate followups: All participants were reviewed at the same clip. Participants from both groups were seen after every 3 months for every 12 months and their IOP, best-corrected VA and CMT were measured utilizing the same method/technology. 11 instances had uncomplete informations: 8 topics were lost to follow- up after their 12 month visit 1 topic missed his concluding visit 2 topics passed off ITT analysis: it was an intention-to-treat analysis because all the participants results were analyzed by the groups to which they were originally included. Quality of the survey: Even though it was a RCT, dual masked, placebo controlled survey, but the quality of the survey quality was reduced to due to little figure of participants ( merely 42 per group ) involved in the survey. Even though the survey was able to accomplish its primary purpose, but there was no statistically important difference between the 2 groups ( p = 0.47 ) with regard to some of import primary results including average VA and CMT. Consequences: The survey found that IVTA followed by optical maser intervention is an effectual method to command DME comparison to laser intervention entirely. In order to prove effectivity of IVTA plus optical maser intervention all patients VA, CMT and effects of cataract surgery were measured throughout the whole survey period. At 24 months, 36 % patients ( 15/42 ) of intercession group had addition in logMAR VA of 10 or more letters ; whereas merely 17 % patients treated with optical maser intervention merely had increase in VA of 10 or more letters. Based on logistic arrested development analysis p value of 0.47 was obtained, which which indicates that the odds of accomplishing an betterment of 10 letters or more of best-corrected VA in eyes treated with Aristocort before optical maser is 2.79 times higher ( 95 % assurance interval, 1.01-7.67 ) than in eyes treated with optical maser merely. Throughout the survey period, regular lessening in CMT was besides noticed. Participants of intercession group showed a regular lessening in CMT whereas the IVTA plus optical maser patients showed instant decrease after 3 months. But there was no statistically important difference in average CMT decrease between the intervention groups (P=0.349 ) . To prove if cataract surgery had an impact on VA, consequences of VA collected at baseline were compared with the consequences achieved after 24 months and a p value of 0.86 was achieved, which indicates that cataract surgery did nt hold a important consequence on ocular result. Clinical or practical importance: A ; shy ; A ; shy ; A ; shy ; A ; shy ; A ; shy ; A ; shy ; A ; shy ; A ; shy ; A ; shy ; A ; shy ; A ; shy ; A ; shy ; A ; shy ; A ; shy ; Restrictions: little figure of patients were involved in the survey ( 42 per group ) . Although the survey successfully reached it aim but there was no statistically important difference between the 2 groups One possible beginning of prejudice which influenced the ocular result was high rate of cataract surgery in the IVTA plus optical maser group ( 61 % ) compared with optical maser merely group ( 0 % ) . Approximately 13 % patients were dropped out trough out the survey period. Strengths: the survey is utilizing RCT to apportion patients to either intercession or placebo group in order to avoid prejudice every bit much as possible. The survey is dual cloaked hence topics, research workers and outcome asserors were blind to the survey. Objective results standards was used to apportion topics to their groups every bit good as when consequences were recorded. Sing the P value ( =0.047 ) every bit good as the strengths and failings it is believed that the survey can be used clinically. Over 2 old ages, IVTA plus optical maser intercession has the ability to better vision by dual comparison to laser intervention merely. Even though there were few inauspicious effects associated with IOP and cataract surgery but the research suggests that usage of IVTA followed by optical maser intervention is an effectual intercession to pull off DME in certain eyes, hence to better VA.

Navigation Incident NO.1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Navigation Incident NO.1 - Essay Example The buoy however was unharmed. DISCUSSION MV â€Å"Calamity Jane† was proceeding at a speed of 15 knots along the course of 170o (T). Visibility was determined to be good and with an excess of 10 nautical miles. The tidal stream was estimated to be setting 178o (T) at a rate of 1.4 knots. Even all of the bridge equipments such as the radar were fully functional. With everything working in top form, MV ‘’Calamity Jane’s’’ route was fully planned and she was on schedule, passing her first way point ‘’Mew Island Lighthouse’’ and enroute to the second way point ‘’South Rock Lighthouse’’. The distance between the previous way points was 18.3 nautical miles. The plan of passage was marked up on the chart (No.2093) and it determined that the ship was to proceed at a course of 170o (T) at 15 knots so that to pass between the South Rock Light Vessel, until South Ridge buoy. On passing the previous w ay point the ship was scheduled to alter her course to 210o (T) and follow up this course for 7.5 nm so as to reach ‘’Strangford Narrows Leading Lights’’, her third way point. Things began to get out of hand about 18 minutes prior to midnight, which was scheduled to be the time for switching watches between the two navigators. The 1st navigator fixed the position of the ship at 2342 and 2348 but found that the ship was 2 cables east of track while the South Rock Light Vessel was ahead of the track. This led to him altering 5o to starboard and then following up a new course of 175o (T). Subsequently, the 1st navigator took a third fix right before switching watches at 2354 and found that the ship was back on track. This incident is said to have occurred mainly due to the faults by the first navigator, who first took two fixes in a 6 minutes interval, which is good. He noticed that the ship was in the port side of the track and so made alterations to the sta rboard to a course of 175o (T) to regain the track. However, he did not consider the effects of the tidal stream that was estimated to be setting 178o (T) at a rate of 1.4 knots. Considering the course and the direction of the tidal stream together, it is understood that the ship will drift most towards the east because of the lack of resistance between the tidal stream and the ship flow. Thus, this lack of consideration of this aspect could have resulted in a largely misleading from the planned track and beginning to drift off the course. Then, less than 6 minutes before midnight, the 1st navigator tried to correct things by taking a last fix and found that the ship was right on track while navigating at the same course at 175o (T). Now, the ship was momentarily on track but not following the correct course since it was drifting towards the west. The navigator’s timing for takinf the fix was quite bad and turned out to be unfortunate for the ship. Had the fix been made even a few minutes later, the 1st navigator would have noticed that he was proceeding on the wrong course and that the ship was wrongly drifting towards the west. This is considered wrong since the east coast plays a better home for ships than the west due to the west having more hazards such as shallow water, wreck and unlit buoy which are almost impossible to notice in the dark. The 1st navigator did not consider all this while making the decision and this accident was caused due to his lack of attention.